Method for making hydrogen using a gold containing water-gas shift catalyst

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for oxidizing CO, comprising: passing a first feed comprising CO and a second feed comprising oxygen, in an oxidation zone, over a catalyst comprising highly dispersed gold on sulfated zirconia, at oxidation conditions, to produce an effluent comprising a lower level of CO than in the first feed.

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/866,496,filed Jun. 10, 2004, and application Ser. No. 11/567,893, filed Dec. 7,2006; and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/478,442, filed Jun. 13, 2003.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hydrogen (H₂) is an indispensable feedstock for many petroleum andchemical processes as well as increasingly in other applications such asa fuel for Fuel Cells. Refineries in the petroleum industry, andmethanol, cyclohexane, and ammonia plants in the chemical industryconsume considerable quantities of hydrogen during processes for theproduction of gasoline, fertilizers and other chemical products. Asenvironmental regulations demand cleaner, renewable and non-pollutingprocesses and products most of the hydrogen balances at petroleumrefineries are becoming negative. As laws mandate lower aromatics ingasoline and diesel fuels, H₂ is now consumed in aromatic saturation andthus, less H₂ is available as a by-product. At the same time, H₂consumption is increasing in hydro-treating units in the refineriesbecause many of these same laws require lower sulfur levels in fuels.

Hydrogen can be obtained as a byproduct in the catalytic reforming ofnaphtha. In particular, significant amounts of hydrogen can be obtainedduring dehydrocyclization of naphtha in selective processes such as theAromax™ process. Hydrogen is also obtained by steam reforming methane ormixtures of hydrocarbons, a reaction which produces; synthesis gas whichcomprises hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (CO). Synthesisgas represents one of the most important feedstocks of the chemical andpetroleum industries. It is used to synthesize basic chemicals, such asmethanol or oxyaldehydes, as well as for the production of ammonia andpure hydrogen. However, synthesis gas produced by the steam reforming ofhydrocarbons does not meet the requirements for further use in someprocesses because the CO/H₂ ratio is too high. Therefore it isindustrial practice to reduce or adjust the CO content in the syngas byconversion with steam in what is often referred to as the water-gasshift (WGS) reaction. In some instances it is desired to increase the COcontent. This reaction is called the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS)reaction.

To improve H₂ yield and also the operating efficiency of carbon monoxideconversion, the water-gas shift reaction is extensively used incommercial hydrogen or ammonia plants. The reaction can be described as:

The water-gas shift reaction is usually divided into a high temperatureprocess and a low temperature process. The high temperature process isgenerally carried out at temperatures within the range of between about350 and about 400 degrees C. The low temperature water-gas shiftreaction typically takes place between about 180 and about 240 degreesC.

While lower temperatures favor more complete carbon monoxide conversion,higher temperatures allow recovery of the heat of reaction at asufficient temperature level to generate high pressure steam. Formaximum efficiency and economy of operation, many plants contain a hightemperature reaction unit for bulk carbon monoxide conversion and heatrecovery and a low temperature reaction unit for final carbon monoxideconversion.

Chromium-promoted iron catalysts have been used in the high temperatureprocess at temperatures above about 350 degrees C. to reduce the COcontent to about 3-4% (see, for example, D. S. Newsom, Catal. Rev., 21,p. 275 (1980)). As is known from the literature (see for example H.Topsoe and M. Boudart, J. Catal., 31, p. 346 (1973)), the chromium oxidepromoter combines two functions. It serves to enhance catalytic activityand acts as a heat stabilizer, i.e., it increases the heat stability ofmagnetite, the active form of the catalyst, and prevents unduly rapiddeactivation.

Unfortunately, when chromium is used, especially in hexavalent form,expenditures must be incurred to guarantee worker safety both duringproduction and handling of the catalyst. Despite special efforts healthhazards cannot be fully ruled out. In addition, the spent catalystultimately poses a hazard to man and the environment and must bedisposed of with allowance for the government regulations relating tohighly toxic waste. An example of an iron containing catalyst for thispurpose that avoids the use of chromium is U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,425.

Catalysts used for the water-gas shift reaction at low temperature (orso-called low temperature shift reaction) in industry generally containcopper oxide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide. Because these catalystsoperate at relatively low temperature, they generate equilibrium carbonmonoxide concentrations of less than 0.3% in the exit gas stream over anactive low temperature shift catalyst. However, carbon monoxideconversion and hydrogen yield gradually decreases during normaloperations as a result of deactivation of the catalyst. Deactivation canbe caused by sintering and poisoning such as by traces of chloride andsulfur compounds in the feed and the hydrothermal environment of thereaction. The rate of the hydrothermal deactivation, in particular, isdependent on reaction conditions such as the temperature, the steam togas ratio and composition of the feed gas mixture, and the formulationand manufacturing process of the catalyst.

Although copper is physically and physicochemically stabilized by bothzinc oxide and aluminum oxide attempts of further stabilization of thecatalyst have been made as is taught in the art. Sintering of coppercrystallites is still thought to be a significant cause fordeactivation/aging of the catalyst, especially when there are very lowconcentrations of poisons in the feed. For example, the coppercrystallite size of a fresh catalyst can range from 30-100 angstroms incontrast with 100-1,000 angstroms for a discharged spent catalyst. Lowtemperature shift catalysts thus need to be improved with regard to bothactivity and stability.

Another use for hydrogen that is becoming increasingly important is as afeedstock to a fuel cell to generate electricity. The Proton ExchangeMembrane (PEM) fuel cell is one of the most promising fuel cell designsand PEM fuel cells are already commercially available in limitedapplications. PEM fuel cells as well as several other fuel cell designscurrently in development require hydrogen as a feedstock along withoxygen. Processes being considered to supply the needed hydrogen includeSteam Reforming, Partial Oxidation (POX), Autothermal Reforming, andvariations thereof. Most such processes for hydrogen generation alsoproduce Carbon Monoxide (CO). Yet many Fuel Cells, in particular PEMfuel cells, cannot tolerate CO and in fact can be poisoned by smallamounts of CO. The water-gas shift reaction can be used to generateadditional hydrogen and convert the CO into the more inert CO₂. Manyfuel cells types including PEM fuel cells can tolerate CO₂ although itcan act as a diluent. Alternatively some or all of the CO₂ can beremoved from the H₂ feed to the fuel cell.

Another method of removing unwanted traces of CO from a hydrogen streamis by the use of CO oxidation to form CO₂. Examples of patents that useCO oxidation for reducing the amount of CO in a reformate gas are U.S.Pat. No. 6,332,901, U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,529, U.S. Pat. No. 6,299,995,and U.S. Pat. No. 6,350,423 which are incorporated herein in theirentirety.

As mentioned above one of the most common methods for the hydrogenproduction using hydrocarbons is the steam reforming process orvariations thereof. The main process step involves the reaction of steamwith a hydrocarbon over a catalysts at about 800° C. to produce hydrogenand carbon oxides. It is typically followed by several additional stepsto remove impurities and carbon oxide by-products (particularly CO) aswell as to maximize hydrogen production. In the water-gas shift reactioncarbon monoxide reacts with steam to produce carbon dioxide andadditional hydrogen. This is often done in two steps. The hightemperature shift (HTS) reaction usually runs at about 350° C. andreduces CO levels to about 1%-2%. The low temperature shift (LTS)reaction runs at about 200° C. and reduces the amount of CO down toabout 0.1%-0.2%. In both cases, ideally the reaction is run in an excessof steam and at the lowest temperature possible to achieve the targetconversion. Conventional iron (chromium-containing HTS catalysts areinactive below about 300° C. and copper/zinc-containing LTS catalystslose the activity above about 250° C. Both the HTS and LTS catalystsrequire in-situ reduction treatments and are extremely air sensitive,All currently available LTS catalysts are either pyrophoric or have arelatively low activity. Some of them are based on expensive preciousmetals such as Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd), and Rhodium (Rh). Thepyrophoric nature of IFS catalysts contributes to an unacceptably rapiddeactivation rate.

In the preparation of hydrogen for fuel cells, the WGS reaction zone canbe the largest component of the fuel processor affecting its size,weight and performance factors such as its start-up time. Therefore, aWGS catalyst is needed which is air stable, low cost, and has high longterm activity. In addition a WGS method that can operate over a widertemperature window without deactivation is needed. Furthermore acatalyst that can have high activity for WGS and/or CO oxidation ishighly desired. The present invention provides such a catalyst andmethod.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for making hydrogen, a catalystuseful in said method and a method of making the catalyst. Accordingly,in one embodiment the present invention is directed to a method formaking hydrogen comprising contacting in a water-gas shift reaction zonea feed comprising carbon monoxide and water under water-gas shiftconditions with an effective catalytic amount of a catalyst comprisinghighly dispersed Group 1B metal such as gold on a sulfated zirconia, andcollecting from the water-gas shift reaction zone an effluent comprisinghydrogen and carbon dioxide. The present invention utilizes an effectiveamount of a catalyst comprising gold highly dispersed on sulfatedzirconia and optionally promoters. A broad embodiment of the method ofthe present invention provides a method of converting CO, comprising:

passing a feed comprising CO, over a catalyst comprising highlydispersed gold on sulfated zirconia, at conversion conditions, toproduce an effluent comprising a reduced level of CO.

The invention is also directed to a catalyst composition useful inwater-gas shift reactions and/or CO oxidation reactions which compriseshighly dispersed gold on sulfated zirconia. The catalyst of the presentinvention is particularly useful because it is non-pyrophoric and can beexposed to air without rapidly deactivating. Surprisingly, the catalystof the present invention is also not significantly affected by moisture.The catalyst and method of the present invention surprisingly is highlyeffective for both low temperature and high temperature water-gas shiftreactions as well as CO oxidation. Furthermore the catalyst is highlystable and is much less prone to deactivation than prior catalysts. Thelow deactivation rate of the method and catalyst of the presentinvention is thought to be due at least in part to the sulfating. PriorWGS processes and catalysts are typically effective for either hightemperature water-gas shift or low temperature water-gas shift but notboth. The present invention provides a method and catalyst that providesexcellent CO conversion in the water-gas shift reaction over a widerange of process conditions. The excellent performance is seen atconditions comprising a surprising range of temperatures and spacevelocities. In one embodiment the present invention thus provides acatalyst suitable for use in a water-gas shift reaction to producehydrogen from CO and H₂O, comprising:

-   -   (1) sulfated zirconia having a sulfur content of between 0.02        and 1.0 wt % based on the weight of zirconia;    -   (2) gold highly dispersed in the zirconia; and    -   wherein the gold content is between 0.001 and 4.0 wt % based on        the weight of zirconia.

Among other factors the present invention provides a WGS method, a COoxidation method, a WGS catalyst, and a method of making the catalystthat has enhanced performance over prior methods and catalysts. Inparticular the method and catalyst of the present invention are usableunder both high temperature and low temperature shift conditions. Inaddition the catalyst and method of the present invention has aparticularly low deactivation rate. The fact that the catalyst andmethod of the present invention is usable under both HT and LT shiftconditions make it uniquely well suited for use in a fuel processor usedfor making hydrogen for use in a fuel cell. In such a fuel processorhigh conversion to hydrogen in the WGS reaction is required and very lowlevels of CO in the product hydrogen is essential. The method andcatalyst of the present invention helps achieve both of thoserequirements—high conversion to H₂ and low levels of effluent CO.

In an embodiment of the present invention the catalyst of the presentinvention can be used in both high temperatures shift and lowtemperature shift conditions in order to maximize the conversion of COin the overall process. In this embodiment a feed comprising CO andwater is passed over a catalyst comprising gold on sulfated zirconia(zirconium oxide) at high temperature water-gas shift conditions toproduce an effluent having a reduced CO content. At least a portion ofsaid effluent is passed over a catalyst comprising gold on sulfatedzirconia at low temperature water-gas shift conditions to produce asecond effluent comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

The method and catalyst of the present invention has a number ofspecific embodiments. These embodiments include, for example the use ofthe method and catalyst of the invention in producing hydrogen by thewater-gas shift reaction for use in a PEM fuel cell. In one embodimentthe present invention may be used for producing hydrogen for use in aPEM fuel cell used to cower a motor vehicle.

More specifically, the present invention provides a method for carryingout the water-gas shift reaction in a fuel processor associated with afuel cell which comprises contacting in a water-gas shift reaction zonea feed comprising carbon monoxide and water under water-gas shiftconditions with an effective catalytic amount of a catalyst comprisinghighly dispersed gold on a sulfated zirconia, and collecting from thewater-gas shift reaction zone an effluent containing a significantlyreduced amount of carbon monoxide as compared to the feed.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed at a method ofmaking a water-gas shift catalyst, said method comprises.

-   -   sulfating a zirconium hydroxide to form a sulfated zirconium        hydroxide having a sulfate content of at least 0.1 wt % sulfate        based on the zirconium hydroxide;    -   calcining the sulfated zirconium hydroxide to form zirconia; and    -   depositing gold on the zirconia to form a gold loaded sulfated        zirconia having a gold content of 0.001 to 4.0 wt % and a sulfur        content of between 0.02 and 1 wt % both based on the weight of        zirconia.

As discussed above one embodiment of the present invention the water-gasshift reaction can be carried out under both HT shift and LT shiftconditions. This can be done in discrete zones where one zone is at HTshift conditions and another zone is at LT shift conditions.Alternatively the water-gas shift reaction can be carried out in a zoneor zones having a continuum of conditions including both HT and LT shiftconditions. The catalyst and method of the present invention isparticularly well suited for such a continuum because of its activity atboth HT and LT water-gas shift conditions.

The present invention may be used in conjunction with several syngasgenerating processes including autothermal reforming, steam reforming,and partial oxidation (POX). Another embodiment of the present inventionuses the method and catalyst of the present invention in conjunctionwith syngas generation from a steam reformer to convert a portion of theCO produced by the steam reformer to hydrogen. In this embodiment of thepresent invention a desired CO/Hydrogen ratio in the effluent can beselected to suit the downstream use for the syngas. Thus the method andcatalyst of the present invention can be used to achieve a desiredCO/Hydrogen ratio for use in a Fischer-Tropsch process to makehydrocarbons from syngas. The catalyst described in the presentinvention can be used in both the water-gas shift reaction and thereverse water-gas shift reaction.

In a specific preferred embodiment of the present invention, hydrogencan be produced in a reactor or multitude of reactors that comprise anautothermal reforming zone to convert a feed comprising hydrocarbons toat least some hydrogen, water, and CO; a water-gas shift zone operatingat a continuum of conditions including both HT and LT shift conditionswhere the water and CO are convened at least in part to hydrogen andCO₂; and a oxidation zone where remaining CO is oxidized to CO₂ toachieve a product comprising hydrogen containing low levels of COsuitable for use in a fuel cell.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the catalyst of thepresent invention can be used in an oxidation zone where CO is oxidizedto CO₂. The catalyst of the present invention has been shown to beeffective in CO oxidation as is shown in the examples below. In thisembodiment CO in the presence of oxygen can be oxidized to form CO₂ bypassing a first feed comprising CO and a second feed comprising oxygen,in an oxidation zone, over a catalyst comprising highly dispersed goldon sulfated zirconia, at oxidation conditions, to produce an effluentcomprising a lower level of CO then in the feed. Although not to belimited, this embodiment can be very effective and useful in removingunwanted traces of CO from hydrogen containing streams for uses such asin a PEM fuel cell. An example of a process where the catalyst andprocess of the present invention can be used to remove CO from ahydrogen containing stream is U.S. Pat. No. 6,682,838 which isincorporated by reference in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the plot of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) versus %CO conversion of the gold containing calcined sulfated zirconia catalystat 240° C. for the reaction mixture composition of 4.65% vol. CO, 34.31%vol. H₂, 7.43% vol. CO₂, 13.73% vol. N₂, and 36% vol. H₂O.

FIG. 2 illustrates the plot of temperature (° C.) versus % CO conversionof the gold containing calcined sulfated zirconia catalyst at 20,000GHSV for the reaction mixture composition of 4.65% vol. CO, 34.31% vol.H₂, 7.43% vol. CO₂, 13.73% vol. N₂, and 36% vol. H₂O.

FIG. 3 illustrates the plots of GHSV versus % CO conversion of the goldcontaining calcined sulfated zirconia catalyst over a range of fourtemperatures of 135° C., 150° C., 175° C., and 200° C. for the reactionmixture composition of 4.65% vol. CO, 34.31% vol. H₂, 7.43% vol. CO₂,13.73% vol. N₂, and 36% vol. H₂O.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel catalyst for the Water-Gas Shiftreaction, a method for preparing this catalyst and a method forconducting the water-gas shift reaction in the presence of thiscatalyst. The catalyst of this invention shows substantially higheractivity and stability when compared to other catalysts. The catalyst ofthe present invention comprises highly dispersed Group 1B metal on acrystalline sulfated zirconia support optionally in association withmodifiers and additives such as, for example Group I, Group II and rareearth oxides.

Surprisingly we have discovered that unusually active and stable WGScatalysts can be prepared when sulfated zirconia is used for thecatalyst preparation. The presence of sulfate is critical for making thecatalyst of the present invention with its outstanding performance. In apreferred embodiment of the catalyst of the present invention it hasbeen found that the sulfur level should be at least 0.02 wt % based onthe weight of zirconia (also referred to as zirconium oxide or ZrO₂).Preferably the sulfur level of the catalyst should be between 0.02 and4.0 wt % based on the weight of zirconium oxide more preferably between0.02 and 3.5 wt %, still more preferably between 0.02 and 2.5 wt % andmost preferably between 0.02 and 1 wt % based on the wt of the zirconiumoxide.

We have further discovered that the catalyst of the present inventioncan operate in what is considered to be high temperature shift rangedown into the low and even ultra low temperature range. Thus the processof the present invention when using the novel catalyst of the inventionis able to operate over a temperature range from about 100 degrees C. toabout 500 degrees C.

In a typical preparation, the catalysts of this invention are preparedby an aqueous gold deposition onto a calcined sulfated zirconia support.This is usually followed by drying in air at around ambient temperatureor slightly higher, e.g., about 35° C. Prior to use the catalyst isgenerally activated in the reactor under nitrogen at 250° C. for about 2hours.

Not wishing to be bound by any particular theory we believe that it isextremely important to keep Group 1B metal from reducing to a zerovalence metal state during the Group 1B metal deposition process. Alsoit is believed that the sulfated zirconia support plays a critical rolein keeping gold well dispersed. Additionally it is believed that it isadvantageous for at least some of the zirconia to be in the tetragonalphase.

As discussed above a highly dispersed Group 1B metal is an essentialfeature of the catalyst used in the present invention. The Group 1Bmetals are Gold, Silver and Copper. In a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention the highly dispersed Group 1B metal should be Gold. Inanother embodiment of the present invention a mixture of Group 1B metalscan be used. Preferably the mixture of Group 1B metals includes at leastsome Gold.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention a majority of thezirconia in the catalyst should be in the tetragonal phase, morepreferably the zirconia should be predominately in the tetragonal phase.The phase of the zirconia can be determined by the PXRD (Powder X-RayDiffraction) pattern of the catalyst sample. The X-ray diffractionpattern can be used to determine the phase of the zirconia due to thedifferent phases exhibit characteristic lines in the pattern.

It was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) andtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) that the catalysts of thisinvention most preferably have no detectable gold particles after golddeposition and drying steps. In the catalyst and method of the presentinvention the gold loading of the catalyst should be at least 0.001 wt %based on the weight of zirconium oxide in the catalyst. Preferably thegold loading of the catalyst should be between 0.0001 and 5.0 wt %, morepreferably between 0.001 and 4.0 wt %, still more preferably between0.01 and 3.0 wt %, even more preferably between 0.1 and 3.0 wt %, andmost preferably between 0.1 and 2.0 wt % based on the weight ofzirconium oxide in the catalyst. When silver or copper are used in thecatalyst either alone or in combination with gold higher levels may berequired than gold alone to achieve the same level of catalyticactivity.

Another important feature of the catalyst of the present invention isthat the gold be very highly dispersed on the catalyst. The methods forgold loading described in the Detailed Description of the PresentInvention and in the Examples can lead to a very highly dispersedcatalyst. Activation conditions must also be carefully selected toavoid; agglomeration of the gold (or other Group 1B metal) and loss ofthe very high dispersion. It is preferred that at least 0.80 wt % of thegold be dispersed in particles of less than 10 angstroms when measuredby TEM. More preferably at least 90 wt % of the gold should be dispersedin particles of less than 10 angstroms when measured by TEM. Mostpreferably there should be no detectable gold particles on the catalystafter gold deposition and drying steps when examined by TEM and SEM. Inthe present application the phrase no detectable gold particles meansessentially no particles having an approximate diameter above about 7 to9 angstroms.

There is a trade off between the amount of surface area and stability ofthe sulfated zirconia support. So it is important that the zirconiasurface area of the sulfated zirconia support be carefully controlled.The BET (Brunauer, Emmett, Teller) surface area of the sulfated zirconiasupport should be at least 5 m²/g preferably at least 10 m²/g, morepreferably between 10 and 500 m²/g, still more preferably between 30 and250 m²/g and most preferably between 50 and 100 m²/g. The BET surfacearea can be determined using ASTM D 4567 (volume 5.03) or ASTM D 3663which are incorporated herein by reference.

As mentioned above it is also critical to the present invention that thecatalyst comprise sulfated zirconia. It has been found that by employingthe sulfated catalyst described above that the method of the presentinvention displayed surprisingly low deactivation rates. Methods formaking a sulfated zirconia material suitable for use as a startingmaterial in the preparation of the catalyst of the present invention canbe found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,448,198 and 6,180,555 which areincorporated herein in their entirety.

In addition to the sulfated zirconia, the catalyst of the presentinvention optionally can include an additional structural supportmaterial such as a refractory metal oxide material such as for examplesilica, alumina, magnesia, titania, etc. and mixtures thereof. Thestructural support can be in any form including for example monolith,spheres, or hollow cylinders. More specifically the structural supportmaterial can additionally include “supports” such as alumina, silica,silica-alumina, silicate, alumino-silicate, magnesia, zeolite, activecarbon, titanium oxide, thorium oxide, clay and any combination of thesesupports. In one embodiment of the present invention preferably, theinvention's catalyst can contain between 50% and 95% by weight ofstructural support, on which 5% to 50% of sulfated zirconia by weight isdeposited.

In the method of the present invention the catalyst has been found to beeffective at a surprisingly broad range of temperatures. In the methodof the present invention the water-gas shift reaction can be carried outbetween 100 and 500° C. preferably between 135 and 420° C. It isunderstood by one of skill in the art that as catalysts become lessactive the reaction temperature may be increased to achieve a targetconversion. However, increasing temperatures leads to an increasedconcentration of CO due to a shift in equilibrium.

Space velocities useable in the method of the present invention asmeasured by gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) are between 1000 h⁻¹ to200,000 h⁻¹, preferably between 10,000 h⁻¹ to 100,000 h⁻¹, morepreferably between 25,000 h⁻¹ to 100,000 h⁻¹. It is understood by one ofskill that the space velocity can be decreased to compensate for loweractivity.

As mentioned above in one embodiment of the present invention the methodcan optionally include a CO oxidation zone in order to reduce the levelof CO in the H₂ such that it is suitable for use in a fuel cell such asa PEM fuel cell. A potential advantage of the present invention is thatthe WGS method of the present invention can be used to convert most ofthe CO while also making hydrogen and leaving only a small amount ortrace amount of CO to be oxidized in the CO oxidation zone. This meansthat the CO oxidation zone can be smaller in size and can further reducethe size and complexity of a fuel processor system. Under somecircumstances the CO oxidation zone may be eliminated entirely. Anexample of a fuel processor that includes a combination partialoxidation/steam reforming zone, WGS zone, and CO oxidation zone is shownin U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,204 which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

Alternatively the present invention provides a catalyst and method forCO oxidation. As discussed above CO oxidation can be used to remove thelast traces of CO to achieve a H₂ stream containing very low levels ofCO. The CO oxidation method and catalyst of the present can be used inconjunction with the WGS method and catalyst or can be usedindependently.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of a Sulfated Zirconia Base Material

This example shows the preparation of a mass sulfated zirconia materialthat can be used as a base for the catalyst of the present invention. 35g of ZrO(NO₃)₂, 6H₂O is dissolved in 350 ml of distilled water withagitation. Zirconium hydroxide gel is precipitated by adding 17 ml of a28% ammonia solution while agitating. The final pH is about 8.5. Afterfiltering and washing until a pH 7 (redispersal in 350 ml of water), thegel is dried overnight at 120 degrees C. The result is about 13.8 g of asolid. The sulfation is done by adding 85 ml of sulfuric acid (1 N), bystatic contact for 15 minutes. The sulfated zirconia is then spun dry.Then the material is dried overnight at 120 degrees C.

Example 2 Preparation of Sulfated Zirconia on an Alumina Support

This example shows the preparation of a structurally supported sulfatedzirconia base that can be used in the catalyst of the present invention.The catalyst sample is prepared starting from 25 g of an aluminasupport, marketed by AKZO under the name CK 300, previously calcined at600 degrees C. The zirconium deposition is done in a ball byimpregnating the support with a solution formed by the dissolution of3.48 g of zirconyl chloride (ZrOCl₂, 8H₂O, marketed by Prolabo alsoavailable from Aldrich) and 0.46 g of NH₄Cl in 11 cm³ of distilledwater, with a volume corresponding to the porous volume of the support.The solid obtained is first dried overnight at 120 degrees C. thencalcined for 2 hours at 650 degrees C. This operation is repeated twice(deposit of zirconium three times), then the solid obtained is calcinedfor 4 hours at 750 degrees C. Thereafter, the sulfation of the zirconiumdeposited on the surface of the alumina support takes place bycirculating 162 cm³ of a sulfuric acid solution (5 N) at roomtemperature for 1 hour. Then the solid is spun-dry then allowed to dryovernight at 120 degrees C. Next it is calcined for 2 hours at 500degrees C. in a flow of dry air at 60 liters per hour.

Example 3 Preparation of Calcined Sulfated Zirconia

A sample of sulfated zirconium hydroxide powder containing about 2% wtof sulfate was calcined in air at 660° C. according to the followingprocedure. Sulfated zirconium hydroxide can be obtained from commercialsources such as Aldrich. The sample was heated up to 660° C. slowly over10 hours and kept at this temperature for 6 hrs, followed by slowcooling to ambient temperature. The nitrogen BET (Brunauer, Emmett,Teller) surface area of the powder before the calcinations was found tobe 284 m²/g and after the calcinations it was 75 m²/g. The startingpowder was amorphous by Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD). The PXRDpattern of the calcined material was that of the tetragonal phase ofzirconia containing a small amount of the monoclinic phase.

Example 4 Preparation of Gold on Calcined Sulfated Zirconia CatalystGold Addition

The gold was deposited on the calcined sample from Example 3 by firstpreparing a solution of 0.34 g of HAuCl₄×3H₂O in 600 ml of distilledwater and then heating the solution to about 60° C. The acidity of thesolution was adjusted to pH 8.6 by the addition of a 1.0 M sodiumcarbonate solution. 6 g of the calcined sulfated zirconia sample wasadded to the solution and stirred for 2 to 3 hrs by slow rotation in arotary evaporator. The resulting solid was removed by filtration anddried in an air convection oven at 35° C. overnight. Finally the drypowdered sample was pressed and sized to −18/+40 (US) mesh for thereactor testing. The resulting catalyst had a nitrogen BET surface areaunchanged of about 75 m²/g. The PXRD pattern of the gold depositedsample showed both tetragonal and monoclinic phases of zirconia presentin almost equal amounts. Elemental analysis results for various samplesprepared by the above procedure showed that the amount of sulfatedecreased to about 0.26% wt. and the gold loading were in the range of1% wt. to 2% wt.

Example 5 Gold Deposition Using a Reduced Amount of Water

The gold was deposited on the calcined sample from Example 3 by firstpreparing a solution of 0.20 g of HAuCl₄×3H₂O in 60 ml of distilledwater and then heating the solution to about 60° C. The pH of thesolution was adjusted to values between 9 and 10 by the addition of a1.0 M sodium carbonate solution. 6 g of the calcined sulfated zirconiasample was added to the solution and stirred for 2 to 3 hrs by slowrotation in a rotary evaporators. The resulting solid was separated byfiltration, rinsed with 100 ml of distilled water and dried in an airconvection oven at 35° C. overnight. Finally the dry powdered sample waspressed and sized to −18/+40 (US) mesh for the reactor testing.

Example 6 Near Incipient Wetness Impregnation

The catalyst of this invention can also be prepared by near incipientwetness impregnation procedures of a gold compound on the sulfatedzirconia support. Methods of Near Incipient Wetness Impregnation aretaught in the art.

Example 7 Performance of the Gold-Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst

2 cc of the catalyst from Example 2 was diluted with 6 cc of acid-washedalundum of the same size and loaded into a ½″ O.D. stainless steel tubereactor. The catalyst bed was held in place with alundum and glass woolplugs on both ends. The catalyst was heated to up 250° C. at a rate of50° C./h in a 200 sccm flow of nitrogen overnight and then cooled to atest temperature.

The catalysts were tested in the temperature range of 135° C. to 420° C.at space velocities of 2000 h⁻¹ to 50000 h⁻¹ based upon the volume ofcatalyst. Two different gas mixtures were used in the testing. The gasmixtures were produced either by blending four syngas components —CO,H₂, N₂ and CO₂ in a manifold or by using a mixture of a pre-definedcomposition. Water was introduced to the gas stream as vapor produced byheating the stream of liquid water in a small flash vessel just belowthe boiling point of water at the reactor pressure. For example, for thereaction mixture of the following composition −11% vol. CO, 25.6% vol.H₂, 6.8% vol. CO₂, 31.1% Vol. N₂, 25.4% vol. H₂O, at 20,000 GHSV, 200°C. and 30 psig the catalyst had constant activity at equilibrium COconversion of about 98.2% for the time it had been tested of about 350hours. At the same conditions but at a temperature of 350° C. thecatalyst operated at constant activity and equilibrium conversion ofabout 86.1%. The results of catalyst performance at 240° C. over a rangeof space velocities for the reaction mixture composition of 4.65% vol.CO, 34.31% vol. H₂, 7.43% vol. CO₂, 13.73% vol. N₂, 36% vol. H₂O areshown in FIG. 1. The changes of the catalyst activity with temperatureat 20,000 GHSV are shown in FIG. 2 and over a range of space velocitiesat different temperatures in FIG. 3 for this same gas mixture. Finally,for both reaction mixtures it was demonstrated that the catalyst couldbe cooled down to an ambient temperature in air, then heated back to areaction temperature and restarted without loss of activity repeatedly.

Example 8 Startup Shutdown Cycle Performance

The catalyst from Example 2 was tested for effects of the feed mixture,in particular water, during temperature shutdown on catalystperformance. Initially, the reactor run was started according to theprocedure in the previous example using the feed mixture containing 11%vol. CO, 25.6% vol. H₂, 6.8% vol. CO₂, 31.1% vol. N₂, 25.4% vol. H₂O, at200° C. and 30 psig. After the stable CO conversion was attained theheat to the reactor was turned off and the reactor was allowed to coolunder the feed to ambient temperature. It was kept at these conditionsfor 1 hr followed by reheating of the reactor to 200° C. under 200 sccmof nitrogen and re-introduction of the feed mixture. After the stable COconversion was attained the procedure was repeated. For this particularexperiment after ten cycles the CO conversion remained unchanged atabout 73% at 10,000 GHSV. This example demonstrates that the exposure ofthe catalyst to condensed water vapor does not affect significantly it'sreactor performance.

Example 9 Performance of the WGS Catalyst in the Presence of Air

The catalyst of Example 2 was tested for effects of oxygen in the feedmixture. The reactor run was started according to the procedure in theprevious example using the feed mixture containing 11% vol. CO, 25.6%vol. H₂, 6.8% vol. CO₂, 26.1% vol N₂, 5.0% vol. O₂, 25.4% vol. H₂O, at200° C. and 30 psig. The catalyst was run at these conditions for about40 hours at average CO conversion of 98%. No significant loss ofhydrogen was observed.

Example 10 Performance of the Gold-Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst in COOxidation

2 cc of the catalyst from Example 2 was diluted with 6 cc of acid-washedalundum of the same size and loaded into a ½″ O.D. stainless steel tubereactor. The catalyst bed was held in place with alundum and glass woolplugs on both ends. The catalyst was heated to up 250° C. at a rate of50° C./h in a 200 sccm flow of nitrogen overnight and then cooled to atest temperature.

The catalyst was tested for CO oxidation activity by introducing to thereactor a CO/air feed at the ratio of 2 to 3 at 6000 h⁻¹ GHSV at roomtemperature. The temperature in the reactor increased to about 150° C.when oxygen conversion approached 100% and stabilized. No decline in COconversion was observed over 120 hrs operation. In the same experimentthe feed to the reactor was switched back and forth between the CO/airmixture and the typical WGS feed as in Example 8. At 20000 h⁻¹ GHSV,200° C. and 30 psi the CO conversion remained on average at about 98%.This example clearly demonstrates that the same catalyst is very activecatalyst for both WGS and CO oxidation reactions.

Comparative Example 11 Preparation of Gold on Zirconia Catalyst in theAbsence of Sulfate

A sample of gold on zirconia was prepared as follows. 0.33 g ofHAuCl₄×3H₂O was added to 600 ml of deionized water then heated to 60degrees C. The pH was adjusted by dropwise addition of 1N Na₂CO₃ untilthe solution cleared. The final pH was 8.55. 3.09 g of zirconium IVoxide extrudate was placed in a round bottom flask along with the goldcontaining solution. The flask was placed on a rotory evaporator andimmersed in a bath that was maintained at 60 degrees C. The flask wasallowed to rotate for 2 hours 10 minutes. The extrudate was thenfiltered from the solution. The extrudate had maintained their shape andrigidity after filtering. The extrudate was dried.

Comparative Example 12 Performance of Gold on Zirconia Catalyst in theAbsence of Sulfate

1.5 cc (1.7 g) of the Au on zirconia catalyst formed in ComparativeExample 7 was loaded into a WGS tube reactor. The sample was firstdiluted with 6:5 cc of acid-washed 24/48 alundum and loaded into the ½″OD stainless steel tube reactor. The catalyst bed was held in place withalundum and glass wool plugs on both ends. The reactor was heated to 200degrees C. with a N₂ flow rate of 200 cc/min. The temperature was heldat 200 degrees C. for 1 hour then the Syngas mixture was introduced asthe feed. The pressure was raised to 30 psig and the Syngas flow ratewas set at 80.0 cc/min. H₂O was injected at a flow rate of 0.0165 ml/hrto achieve a space velocity of 4000 hr⁻¹. The process achieved a COconversion initially of as much as 85%. However at constant temperature(200 degrees C.) after 10 hours the conversion declined to about 72% andafter 20 hours to about 64%.

Example 13 Performance of Au on Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst

2.0 cc (2.45 g) of Au on sulfated zirconia catalyst was loaded into aWGS tube reactor. The sample was first diluted with 6.0 cc ofacid-washed 24 mesh alundum and loaded into the ½″ OD stainless steeltube reactor. The catalyst bed was held in place with alundum and glasswool plugs on both ends. The reactor was heated to 200 degrees C. with aN₂ flow rate of 200 cc/min. The temperature was held at 200 degrees C.for 1 hour then the Syngas mixture was introduced as the feed. Thepressure was raised to 30 psig and the Syngas flow rate was set at 80.0cc/min. H₂O was injected at a flow rate of 0.0165 ml/hr to achieve aspace velocity of 4000 hr⁻¹. The process achieved a CO conversioninitially of as much as 96%. After 20 hours of operation the conversionWas at about 95%. This example shows that the Au on sulfated zirconiaachieves better conversion and better stability than unsulfated Au onzirconia catalyst (see comparative example 12) at the same processconditions.

1. An apparatus for use in performing a floating pointmultiply-accumulate operation, comprising: a plurality of latches thatcontain a plurality of operands for the operation; a carry-save adder,coupled to the latches, that receives the operands and performs acarry-save add operation on the operands to produce a first result; anda logic block, coupled to the carry-save adder, that receives the firstresult and performs a carry-lookahead add operation on the first resultto produce a second result, the logic block having a logic circuit thatperforms a logic operation on the second result based upon a controlsignal to produce a value for use in the floating pointmultiply-accumulate operation, the logic circuit including a redundantstage that processes a most significant bit.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1wherein the logic circuit performs the logic operation on a mostsignificant bit of the second result.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2wherein the logic circuit performs an exclusive-OR operation between themost significant bit and the control signal.
 4. (canceled)
 5. Theapparatus of claim 1 wherein the redundant logic stage performs thelogic operation on the most significant bit in parallel with at least aportion of the carry-lookahead add operation.
 6. The apparatus of claim1 wherein the logic circuit performs the logic operation to produce ashift value for use in the floating point multiply-accumulate operation.7. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a control circuit forgenerating the control signal.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein thecontrol circuit generates the control signal based upon a singleinstruction, multiple data (SIMD) operation.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7wherein the control signal is a pair of complementary signals andwherein the control circuit generates the pair of complementary signals.10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the logic block includes acarry-lookahead adder having complementary logic circuits for providingcomplementary outputs as the second result.
 11. A method implemented ona floating point multiply-accumulate device for use in performing afloating point multiply-accumulate operation, comprising: receiving aplurality of operands for the operation; performing a carry-save addoperation on the operands to produce a first result; performing acarry-lookahead add operation on the first result to produce a secondresult; receiving a control signal; and performing a logic operation onthe second result based upon the control signal to produce a value foruse in the floating point multiply-accumulate operation; performing thelogic operation on a most significant bit of the second result, andperforming an exclusive-OR operation between the most significant bitand control. 12-13. (canceled)
 14. The method of claim 11 wherein theperforming the logic operation step includes using a redundant logicstage for processing the most significant bit in a carry-lookahead addercircuit.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the using the redundantlogic stage includes processing the most significant bit in parallelwith at least a portion of the step of performing the carry-lookaheadadd operation.
 16. The method of claim 11 wherein the performing thelogic operation step includes producing a shift value for use in thefloating point multiply-accumulate operation.
 17. The method of claim11, further including generating the control signal.
 18. The method ofclaim 17 wherein the generating step includes generating the controlsignal based upon a Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) operation.19. The method of claim 17 wherein the generating step includesgenerating a pair of complementary signals as the control signal. 20.The method of claim 11 wherein the performing the carry-lookahead addoperation step includes using complementary logic circuits for thecarry-lookahead add operation to provide complementary outputs as thesecond result.